Atherosclerosis is narrowing of the arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the arterial walls. On June 22, 2002, the St. Louis Cardinals were preparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicago Cubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old Darryl Kile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found still in his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New York Times, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was related to three of his coronary arteries being 80–90% blocked as a result of atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately caused him to suffer a heart attack. Answer the following 3 questions in regard to this case study:

Provide a description of how the heart functions. Based on this, explain why atherosclerosis would result in a heart attack. How are arteries different from veins and capillaries?

Describe the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closed circulatory system. Describe each of these.

Explain the advantage of having a closed circulatory system over an open circulatory system